Colds and flu are among the most common respiratory illnesses faced by Edmonton residents, especially during the long winter months. Understanding what medications are available to treat these illnesses, how they work, and when to use them is important for effective symptom management and a speedy recovery. In Edmonton, as in the rest of Canada, there is a wide range of over-the-counter and prescription medications for treating colds and flu available at pharmacies throughout the city. This article takes a detailed look at the different types of medications, their uses, how to use them, possible side effects, and practical tips for safe and effective treatment of colds and flu.
Understanding the difference between colds and flu
Before discussing the available medications, it is important to understand the difference between colds and flu, as this can affect the choice of treatment. Although both illnesses are respiratory infections caused by viruses, they differ in the severity of symptoms and potential complications. A cold usually develops gradually and includes symptoms such as a runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, a mild cough, moderate sore throat, and sometimes a slight fever. A cold usually lasts five to seven days, although some symptoms may last longer.
The flu, on the other hand, usually starts suddenly with more severe symptoms. Flu symptoms may include a sudden high fever lasting up to three days, severe headache, sharp pains in muscles and joints, chills, loss of appetite, sore throat, runny nose, cough, and chest pain, as well as severe fatigue. Influenza can lead to serious complications, such as pneumonia, especially in the elderly, young children, pregnant women, and people with chronic diseases.
Influenza symptoms usually appear one to four days after contact with the virus. In most healthy people, the flu lasts five to seven days, although fatigue may last much longer. It is important to note that the diagnosis of influenza is usually based on symptoms and physical examination, although a doctor may perform a test to confirm the diagnosis, especially during outbreaks.
Over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers
Pain relievers and fever reducers are the mainstay of treatment for colds and flu, as they help control fever, headache, muscle aches, and general discomfort. In Edmonton, the two most common over-the-counter medications in this category are acetaminophen and ibuprofen.
Acetaminophen, known by the brand name Tylenol, is an analgesic (pain reliever) and antipyretic (fever reducer). It is effective for relieving headaches, body aches, sore throats, and reducing fever associated with colds and flu. For adults, the recommended dose of acetaminophen is up to 1,000 milligrams every eight hours, with a maximum daily dose of 3,000-4,000 milligrams for people with normal liver function. However, it is important to note that new recommendations often limit the daily dose to 3000 milligrams to reduce the risk of liver damage.
Ibuprofen, available under the brand names Advil and Motrin, belongs to a class of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Unlike acetaminophen, ibuprofen not only relieves pain and fever, but also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it particularly effective for relieving muscle and joint pain associated with the flu. For adults, the maximum dose of ibuprofen is 800 milligrams per dose or 2,400 milligrams per day (three maximum doses), although for over-the-counter use, it is recommended not to exceed 1,200 milligrams per day.
Studies have shown that a combination of acetaminophen and ibuprofen may provide more effective pain relief than either drug alone. Adults and children over 12 years of age can take both drugs together or alternate them for better symptom control. In 2020, the FDA approved the first over-the-counter combination drug of acetaminophen and ibuprofen called Advil Dual Action, which contains 125 milligrams of ibuprofen and 250 milligrams of acetaminophen in one tablet.
An important caveat is that acetaminophen is often found in combination cold and flu medications. If you are already taking the maximum dose of acetaminophen alone and add cough syrup or a combination cold medicine, you may unintentionally exceed the recommended dose, creating a risk to your liver. Always check the labels of all medications to make sure you are not taking too much of the same active ingredient.
Decongestants to relieve nasal congestion
Decongestants are medications that help reduce swelling in the tissues of the nose, sinuses, and throat, as well as in the space behind the eardrum. They work by constricting the blood vessels in these areas, which reduces blood flow and swelling, making it easier to breathe. Two main types of decongestants are available in Edmonton: pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine.
Pseudoephedrine is the older and traditionally more effective decongestant. It is available under the brand name Sudafed and in numerous combination cold remedies. Pseudoephedrine is a safe and effective decongestant when taken as directed. However, because pseudoephedrine can be used to illegally manufacture methamphetamine, products containing this ingredient are kept behind the counter in pharmacies in Canada. Products with pseudoephedrine as the sole ingredient are kept behind the counter, while combination products (such as Advil Cold and Sinus) are sold from the self-service area of the pharmacy under the direct supervision of a pharmacist.
Phenylephrine became a popular decongestant after pseudoephedrine was restricted. However, in 2023, an independent FDA expert panel unanimously voted that phenylephrine is ineffective when taken orally. Experts found that when taken in tablet form, only trace amounts of the drug reach the nasal passages to relieve congestion, making it ineffective. The drug appears to be more effective when applied directly to the nose in the form of sprays or drops, and these products are not subject to review.
Despite the FDA's decision, as of December 2025, phenylephrine is still approved for use as an oral decongestant in Canada. Health Canada is aware of the FDA's conclusion and has stated that it is working to assess the situation but has not yet made a decision to remove phenylephrine from the market. Canadian experts, including Dr. Michael Ryder, recommend that patients consider alternative treatments for nasal congestion, such as antihistamines, as there is little evidence that oral phenylephrine works.
It is important to note that decongestants should not be used with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), which are drugs used to treat depression or Parkinson's disease, or within two weeks of stopping MAOIs. People with heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, thyroid disease, or prostate problems should consult a doctor or pharmacist before using decongestants.
Antihistamines to control runny nose and sneezing
Antihistamines are commonly associated with the treatment of allergies, but they can also be useful for managing certain cold symptoms, especially runny nose and sneezing. Antihistamines work by blocking the action of histamine, a chemical that the body produces during an allergic reaction or respiratory infection.
There are two main types of antihistamines: sedating (which cause drowsiness) and non-sedating. First-generation sedating antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and chlorpheniramine, can cause drowsiness and are often included in nighttime cold and flu formulas to help patients sleep. These drugs are effective at reducing runny noses and sneezing, but should not be taken before driving or operating heavy equipment.
Second-generation non-sedating antihistamines, such as cetirizine (Reactine), loratadine (Claritin), and desloratadine (Aerius), are less likely to cause drowsiness and can be taken during the day. However, these medications are more commonly used to treat allergies than colds, as they may be less effective for cold symptoms compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is important to note that combinations of antihistamines with decongestants are common in many over-the-counter cold remedies. For example, Advil Cold & Sinus Day/Night Convenience Pack contains daytime capsules without antihistamines and nighttime capsules with chlorpheniramine maleate. Patients must be careful to take the correct capsule at the correct time, as taking the nighttime capsule with an antihistamine during the day can cause dangerous drowsiness.
Cough remedies: suppressants and expectorants
Cough is a common symptom of both colds and flu, and there are two main types of medications to treat it: cough suppressants (antitussives) and expectorants. Understanding the difference between these medications helps you choose the right treatment depending on the type of cough.
Cough suppressants, also known as antitussives, work by suppressing the cough reflex in the brain. The most common active ingredient in cough suppressants is dextromethorphan (also called DM). Dextromethorphan is effective for relieving dry, irritating coughs that do not produce mucus. It is available in many over-the-counter cough medicines, including Robitussin, Benylin, and Buckley's.
Expectorants, on the other hand, work by thinning and loosening mucus in the lungs, making it easier to cough up. The most common expectorant is guaifenesin. Expectorants are most useful for wet coughs with phlegm, as they help the body remove mucus from the airways. Products containing guaifenesin include Mucinex and some Robitussin formulas.
It is important to note that Health Canada and Canadian medical experts do not recommend using combinations of cough suppressants and expectorants, as they work in opposite ways. Cough suppressants should also not be combined with antihistamines in some formulas. In addition, cough suppressants should not be used with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or within two weeks of stopping MAOIs.
For people with chronic breathing problems, chronic lung disease, or a cough with excessive phlegm, it is important to consult a doctor before using any cough medicine, as these symptoms may indicate a more serious condition.
Combination cold and flu medicines
Many people in Edmonton prefer combination cold and flu medications that contain several active ingredients to treat multiple symptoms at once. These products offer the convenience of taking one pill or syrup instead of several separate medications, which can make it easier to stick to a treatment regimen.
Tylenol Complete Cold, Cough & Flu is one of the most popular combination medications available in Edmonton. This product contains acetaminophen to relieve pain and reduce fever, a decongestant to relieve nasal congestion, a cough suppressant to control dry coughs, and sometimes an expectorant to thin mucus. Tylenol Complete is available in daytime and nighttime formulas, with the nighttime formula containing an antihistamine to promote sleep.
NeoCitran is another widely used brand of combination cold and flu medication available in a hot powdered drink form. NeoCitran offers various formulas, including NeoCitran Extra Strength Cold & Sinus Night, which is one of the most popular formulas, and NeoCitran Ultra Strength Total Flu Night, which is the brand's most powerful formula. These products typically contain a combination of a pain reliever, decongestant, antihistamine, and sometimes a cough suppressant.
Benylin All-in-One is another well-known brand of combination cold, flu, and cough medications. Benylin offers day and night formulas to provide round-the-clock symptom relief. The day formula usually does not contain antihistamines to avoid drowsiness, while the night formula includes an antihistamine to promote sleep.
Advil Cold & Flu is an option for those who prefer ibuprofen over acetaminophen. These products typically contain ibuprofen for pain relief and fever reduction, along with a decongestant to relieve nasal congestion. Advil also offers day/night packs with different formulas for use during the day and night.
When using combination cold and flu medications, it is critical to read labels carefully and understand which active ingredients are contained in each product. This helps to avoid accidentally overdosing on individual ingredients when taking multiple medications at the same time. For example, if you are taking a combination medication that contains acetaminophen, you should not additionally take a separate Tylenol medication.
Prescription antiviral medications for the flu
Although most cases of colds and flu can be treated with over-the-counter medications and home care, there are prescription antiviral medications that may be helpful in treating the flu, especially for people at high risk for complications. These drugs work by fighting the flu viruses in the body and can reduce the severity of symptoms and shorten the duration of the illness by about one day.
Antiviral drugs for the flu are most effective when started within one to two days after flu symptoms appear. The CDC recommends prompt treatment for people who have the flu or suspect they have the flu and are at high risk for serious flu complications, such as pregnant women, people with asthma and chronic lung disease, diabetes, or heart disease.
Oseltamivir (known by the brand name Tamiflu) is the most common antiviral drug for treating influenza. Generic oseltamivir and Tamiflu are available in tablet or liquid suspension form and are approved by the FDA for early treatment of influenza in people 14 days of age and older. Oseltamivir is usually taken twice a day for five days. The drug can also be used to prevent influenza after contact with an infected person.
Zanamivir (brand name Relenza) is an inhaled powder medication approved for early treatment of influenza in people 7 years of age and older. However, zanamivir is not recommended for people with breathing problems such as asthma or COPD. Zanamivir is also taken twice a day for five days.
Baloxavir marboxil (brand name Xofluza) is a newer antiviral flu medication that is approved for early treatment of uncomplicated flu in people 5 years of age and older. Unlike other antiviral drugs, baloxavir is taken as a single dose. Xofluza works differently than other antiviral drugs by attacking the influenza virus at its source. The drug is also approved for the prevention of influenza after contact with an infected person.
Peramivir (brand name Rapivab) is administered once intravenously by a healthcare professional and is approved for early treatment of influenza in people 6 months of age and older. This drug is typically used in a hospital setting for people who cannot take oral medication.
It is important to note that antiviral drugs for influenza only work to treat influenza and are not effective against colds or other respiratory infections. They are also different from antibiotics, which fight bacterial infections. If you think you have the flu and are at high risk for complications, it is important to contact your doctor as soon as possible to discuss whether antiviral treatment is right for you.
Flu vaccination in Edmonton
Although flu vaccination is not technically a treatment for colds or flu, it is the most effective way to prevent the flu and is therefore an important part of Edmonton's flu control strategy. The 2025-2026 influenza immunization program in Alberta began on October 20, 2025, and offers free flu vaccines to all Albertans aged 6 months and older.
Several types of flu vaccines are available in Alberta for the 2025-2026 flu season. The trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine is a provincially funded vaccine available to Albertans aged 6 months and older (operationally, this vaccine is offered to individuals up to and including 64 years of age). Available vaccines include Fluzone, Fluviral, or Flucelvax.
An adjuvanted trivalent inactivated vaccine (Fluad) will be available for individuals 65 years of age and older. A high-dose trivalent inactivated vaccine (Fluzone High-Dose) will be available for adults 18 years of age and older who are recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), recipients of CAR-T cell therapy, or candidates for or recipients of solid organ transplantation (SOT).
Adults and children 9 years of age and older should receive one dose of influenza vaccine each year. Children 6 months to less than 9 years of age who have never received influenza vaccine should receive two doses, which are recommended to be administered at least four weeks apart during the current influenza season.
Flu vaccines are available at numerous pharmacies throughout Edmonton, including Shoppers Drug Mart, Rexall, Walmart Pharmacy, Safeway Pharmacy, Sobeys Pharmacy, and independent pharmacies. Many pharmacies offer walk-in vaccination services, although it is recommended to make an appointment to avoid waiting times. Some pharmacies also offer incentives, such as discounts on products when you get vaccinated.
Natural Remedies and Supplements
Many people in Edmonton are interested in using natural remedies and dietary supplements to treat or prevent colds and flu. While some of these products have some scientific support, it is important to understand their limitations and possible side effects.
Vitamin C is one of the most researched nutrients for supporting immunity, especially during colds. While taking vitamin C does not prevent colds in the general population, it may provide some benefits in certain scenarios, especially for individuals under physical stress or those who regularly take vitamin C supplements. Regular vitamin C supplementation has been shown to reduce the duration of colds by 8% in adults and 14% in children. This means that in children, a cold that normally lasts a week can be shortened by a day or more.
For recovery from a cold, supplemental vitamin C may help somewhat. Researchers have found that daily doses of vitamin C can help reduce the severity and duration of severe colds, and you may feel better about 13 hours earlier during a typical seven-day illness. Most studies have focused on taking daily supplements with 200 milligrams of vitamin C.
Zinc is an important trace mineral necessary for immune system function, wound healing, and overall health. Although research is still limited, what we do know is that taking it can shorten the duration of a cold by one to two days. Meta-analyses have shown that taking zinc lozenges within 24 hours of symptom onset can reduce the duration of cold symptoms by up to 33% compared to a placebo.
However, the relief from zinc comes at a price. A review of studies shows that unpleasant side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, and a bad or metallic taste in the mouth are somewhat common among people who take zinc for colds. Given these drawbacks, many medical experts, including Dr. Rood, do not recommend zinc for treating colds.
Echinacea is another popular herb used to support the immune system. A meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials found that echinacea may reduce the risk of recurrent respiratory infections by 26% and shorten the duration of colds by 1.4 days when taken at the onset of symptoms. Echinacea can be taken as a tincture (30-50 drops in water, three times a day), capsules, or tea.
Honey has also shown some effectiveness in relieving cold symptoms, especially coughs. Honey acts as an effective cough suppressant and can provide a boost of energy. Some studies show that vitamin C may reduce the duration and severity of the common cold. The combination of honey and lemon, which provides hydration, vitamin C, and a soothing effect, is a popular home remedy.
COLD-FX is a Canadian product containing ginseng, echinacea, and andrographis extracts, marketed to support the immune system and reduce the duration of cold symptoms. The product is available in First Signs and Daily Support formulas. However, scientific evidence for the effectiveness of this product is limited, and it should be considered a complementary rather than a primary treatment.
It is important to note that Health Canada regulates natural health products, and products approved for sale in Canada must have a Natural Product Number (NPN) or Homeopathic Medicine Number (DIN-HM) on the label. Always consult your pharmacist or doctor before taking natural supplements, especially if you are taking other medications or have chronic health conditions.
When to see a doctor
Although most cases of colds and flu can be successfully treated at home with over-the-counter medications and home care, there are situations when medical attention is necessary. Understanding when to see a doctor can help prevent complications and ensure appropriate treatment.
You should contact your doctor if you have flu symptoms and one or more of the following symptoms: shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, or pain when breathing; blue lips and/or fingers; dizziness; confusion; high fever lasting more than three days; persistent vomiting; blood in your secretions. For children, it is critical to contact a doctor if the child is difficult to wake up, is not eating, drinking, or playing.
In general, you should seek medical attention if you have: a shaking chill or high fever that lasts 2-5 days; symptoms that do not improve or worsen after improvement; severe headache, especially if accompanied by fever or neck stiffness; problems with urination, especially if you are only passing small amounts.
If you are at high risk for complications from the flu and develop symptoms, contact your healthcare provider for advice. High-risk groups include young children (under 5 years of age), older adults (over 65 years of age), pregnant women, people with chronic medical conditions, people living in nursing homes or long-term care facilities, and indigenous peoples.
Before visiting in person, tell your healthcare provider about your symptoms over the phone and follow their instructions. This helps prevent the spread of infection in the healthcare facility. If you need immediate medical attention, call 9-1-1 and tell them about your symptoms.
In Alberta, you can also call Health Link Alberta at 811 to talk to a nurse about your health situation. They can help you decide if you need to see a doctor. This free service is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and can provide valuable advice on managing symptoms and determining when medical attention is needed.
Practical tips for managing colds and flu
In addition to taking medication, there are several practical steps you can take to manage cold and flu symptoms and promote a faster recovery. Rest is critical, as your body needs energy to fight the infection. Try to get plenty of sleep and avoid strenuous activity while you are sick.
Hydration is also extremely important during illness. Drink plenty of fluids, including water, herbal tea, soups, and broths, to prevent dehydration and help thin mucus. Avoid alcohol and caffeine, as they can contribute to dehydration.
Using a humidifier or inhaling steam can help relieve nasal congestion and soothe irritated airways. A hot shower or bowl of hot water can provide temporary relief. Rinsing your nose with a saline solution using devices such as the NeilMed Sinus Rinse Kit can help clear your nasal passages and relieve congestion.
Gargling with warm salt water can soothe a sore throat, and throat lozenges such as Strepsils, Cepacol, or Chloraseptic Spray can provide temporary pain relief. Honey can also be effective in soothing a sore throat and suppressing a cough.
Staying warm and comfortable helps your body fight infection more effectively. Dress in layers so you can adjust your body temperature depending on whether you have chills or sweats. Vapor rubs, such as Vicks VapoRub, can provide comfort when applied to the chest.
Avoid smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke, as this can irritate your airways and worsen your symptoms. Also, avoid close contact with others to prevent the spread of infection. Cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze, wash your hands frequently, and disinfect frequently touched surfaces.
Conclusion
Edmonton offers a wide range of medications and resources for treating colds and flu, from over-the-counter pain relievers, decongestants, antihistamines, and cough remedies to prescription antiviral medications for the flu. Understanding what medications are available, how they work, and when to use them is key to effectively managing symptoms and ensuring a speedy recovery.
Combination cold and flu medications, such as Tylenol Complete, NeoCitran, Benylin, and Advil Cold & Flu, offer the convenience of treating multiple symptoms at once, but it is important to read labels carefully to avoid accidentally overdosing on individual ingredients. For those who are at high risk for complications or have severe symptoms, prescription antiviral medications such as Tamiflu or Xofluza may be beneficial when taken within the first two days of symptom onset.
Flu vaccination remains the most effective way to prevent the flu and is widely available at pharmacies throughout Edmonton. Natural remedies such as vitamin C, zinc, and echinacea may provide some benefit, although evidence of their effectiveness is limited. Most importantly, knowing when to seek medical attention can help prevent complications and ensure appropriate treatment for more serious cases.
By following these recommendations, using available medications responsibly, and prioritizing rest, hydration, and home care, Edmontonians can effectively manage cold and flu symptoms and recover more quickly. Always consult with pharmacists at local pharmacies for personalized advice and recommendations on the best treatment options for your specific situation.